Biomechanical analysis of the technique of performing competitive exercises in rhythmic gymnastics using the example of the “panche” balance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15802/2071-1476-2026-1-17Keywords:
artistic gymnastics, technical training, exercise technique, biomechanical analysis, penché” balance, postural stability, center of pressureAbstract
Purpose of the study: to determine the biomechanical parameters of the technique of performing the “penché” balance by gymnasts at the stage of preliminary basic training.
Materials and methods. The study involved 28 gymnasts aged 8–12 years at the stage of preliminary basic training. To analyze the technique of performing the element, an optoelectronic motion capture system “Qualisys” and a force platform «Kistler» were used. The duration of the key phase of the element, amplitude, frequency, and mean velocity of center of pressure (COP) oscillations in the sagittal and frontal planes, as well as angular characteristics (split angle and trunk inclination angle), were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics.
Results. It was found that the mean duration of the “releve stand” phase meets the competition requirements but demonstrates considerable variability. Functional differences in COP oscillation patterns between the dominant and non-dominant leg were identified: for the right leg, larger sagittal amplitude, frequency, and velocity of oscillations were observed, whereas when supporting on the left leg, increased amplitude and velocity were seen in the frontal plane, while sagittal oscillations showed a higher frequency. The split angle on the right leg was at the upper limit of acceptable values, while on the left leg it was below the normative requirement, making the element unacceptable for scoring without penalties.
Conclusions. The obtained biomechanical parameters indicate the presence of functional asymmetry in postural control among the gymnasts and allow for an objective assessment of the technique of performing the “penché” balance. The application of biomechanical analysis provides a basis for targeted correction of the training process and improvement of the quality of competitive performance.
References
Bukhovets BO, Pohorelova OO, Lytvynenko YV, Prokofieva LA, Dyshel HO. Biomekhanichnyi analiz rehuliatsii prostorovoi orhanizatsii tila himnastiv. Akademichni vizii. 2025;40:1-6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15163836
Hamalii V. Biomekhanichni aspekty ratsionalizatsii protsesu navchannia rukhiv u protsesi tekhnichnoi pidhotovky sportsmeniv. Teoriia i metodyka fizychnoho vykhovannia i sportu. 2020;2:36-41.
Kovalenko Y, Boloban V, Honcharenko I, Borysova O, Matviieiev S, Kohut I, Marynych V. Biomechanical assessment of statnamic stability of rhythmic gymnasts at the stage of specialized basic training. J Phys Educ Sport. 2020;20(1):1077. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.s1077
Boloban V, Potop V, Nizhnyklvski L. Biomekhanichnyi analiz tekhniky himnastychnykh vprav iz zastosuvanniam metodu poznikh oriyentyriv. In: Suchasni biomekhanichni ta informatsiini tekhnolohii u fizychnomu vykhovanni i sporti: Materialy V Vseukrainskoi elektronnoi konferentsii (Kyiv, 18 travnia 2017 r.) red. Hamalii VV, Kashuba VO, Shynkaruk OA. Kyiv: Natsionalnyi universytet fizychnoho vykhovannia i sportu Ukrainy; 2017.
Mangalam M, Seleznov I, Kolosova E, Popov A, Kelty‑Stephen DG, Kiyono K. Postural control in gymnasts: anisotropic fractal scaling reveals proprioceptive reintegration in vestibular perturbation. Front Netw Physiol. 2024;4:1393171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnetp.2024.1393171
Vasylieva MP. Biomekhanichni vlastyvosti stopy sportsmenok u khudozhnii himnastytsi na etapi pochatkovoi pidhotovky [magisterska robota]. Natsionalnyi universytet fizychnoho vykhovannia i sportu Ukrainy. 2021
Markova OV, Vynohradova LS. Biomekhanichna kharakterystyka elementiv tekhniky sportyvnykh vprav u khudozhnii himnastytsi. Fizychne vykhovannia i sport v navchalnykh zakladakh Ukrainy na suchasnomu etapi: stan, napriamky ta perspektyvy rozvytku: zb. nauk. prats XXIV Vseukrainskoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii Tsentralno-ukrainskoho derzh. ped. unu im. V. Vynnychenka. Kropyvnytskyi; Kharkiv: FOP Ozerov HV; 2018. 261-5 p.
Hamalii VV, Smirnova OO. Biomekhanichnyi analiz travmonebezpechnykh elementiv tekhniky zmahialnykh vprav u khudozhnii himnastytsi. In: Suchasni pidkhody i tekhnolohii vdoskonalennia sportovno-tekhnichnoi ta taktychnoi maisternosti: materialy naukovoi konferentsii. 2023. Kropyvnytskyi: Ministerstvo osvity i nauky Ukrainy. 13-5 p.
Aleksić Veljković AZ, Marković AS, Vukadinović Jurišić MD, Obradović JM, Katanić BD. Age-related differences in postural stability and asymmetries among female rhythmic gymnasts: implications for injury prevention and performance enhancement. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2025;65(4):546-53. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16136-1
Leite I. Biomechanical insights into the interaction between acrobatic gymnasts performing partner-assisted flight [doctoral thesis]. Porto: Faculty of Sport, University of Porto. 2025
Liu T, Wang L, Gao L, Sun Y. Kinematic analysis of free vertical split with 720° turn in elite Chinese rhythmic gymnastics. Sensors. 2025;25(9):2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092667
Rutkowska Kucharska A, Szpala A, Jaroszczuk S, Sobera M. Muscle coactivation during stability exercises in rhythmic gymnastics: a two-case study. Appl Bionics Biomech. 2018;2018:8260402. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8260402
Bueno JWF, Coelho DB, Teixeira LA. Evaluation of voluntary dynamic balance through standardized squat-lift movements: a comparison between gymnasts and athletes from other sports. Biomechanics. 2024;4(3):439-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4030030
Zakharchenko KV. Formuvannia funktsii rivnovahy u sportsmenok 8–10 rokiv, yaki zaimaiutsia khudozhnoiu himnastykoiu: kvalifikatsiina robota mahistra. Sumskii derzhavnyi universytet, Navchalno-naukovyi medychnyi instytut, kafedra fizychnoho vykhovannia i sportu; naukovyi kerivnyk Dolhova NO. 2022
Čeklić U, Šarabon N, Kozinc Ž. Postural control in unipedal quiet stance in young female gymnasts and the effects of training with consideration of transient behavior of postural sway. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(2):982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020982
Omorczyk J, Staszkiewicz R, Wrześniewski K, Puszczałowska-Lizis E. Static balance in female artistic gymnasts and non-training girls. Appl Sci. 2022;12(23):12454. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312454
Batsuren B-O, Khuyagbaatar B, Gombojav E, Gonchoo B, Ulziikhutag B, Tseveg A, et al. Performance evaluation of penché rotation in rhythmic gymnastics using statistical parametric mapping. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS). SciTePress. 2025;1:163-9 p. https://doi.org/10.5220/0013687600003988
Winter DA. Human balance and posture control during standing and walking. Gait Posture. 1995;3:193-214
Isableu B, Ohlmann T, Crémieux J, Amblard B. Differential approach to strategies of segmental stabilisation in postural control. Exp Brain Res. 2003;150(2):208-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1446-0
Paillard T. Plasticity of the postural function to sport and/or motor experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;72:129-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.015
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright of the published papers and grant to the publisher the non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be cited as its original publisher in case of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media. Articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
Authors can enter the separate, additional contractual arrangements for non-exclusive distribution of the published paper (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
