Theoretical foundations of e-learning in athletics for students

Abstract

Introduction. Global digitalization of the educational environment has established a “new normal” within the physical education and sports systems, necessitating a systemic reimagining of methodological approaches to teaching fundamental movements. Athletics, as the cornerstone for developing complex coordinated motor skills, faces the challenge of adaptively updating pedagogical tenets to suit electronic learning environments. Purpose of the study is to provide a theoretical justification and systematization of the conceptual foundations for e-learning in athletics. Research methods. The methodology is based on a complex of non-empirical methods: a structured review of scientific publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science; bibliometric visualization of keyword cooccurrence using VOSviewer software (v. 1.6.20); conceptual modeling of a motor activity e-learning framework. Results. Bibliometric analysis identified six key clusters defining the modern architecture of learning theories: motivational factors, pedagogical models, professional training, psychological factors, and behavioral factors. A shift was observed from late fundamental constructivism toward complex digital and psycho-emotional constructs. Based on a synthesis of theories (connectivism, cognitive load theory, cognitive theory of multimedia learning, and self-determination theory), a “Framework for learning motor activity in an electronic format” was developed. The model integrates procedural, operational, and outcome-based levels, encompassing the cognitive (from knowledge to synthesis), affective (internalization of values), and psychomotor (from fundamental movements to professional certification) domains. Conclusions. It is demonstrated that e-learning is not merely a technical transmission of content but is based on the synergy of technological progress and human-centered pedagogical design. The proposed conceptual model helps bridge the current “distance gap” through the use of video analysis systems, immersive technologies, and Internet of Things (IoT) tools that provide adequate feedback. The successful implementation of digital innovations in athletics depends on the harmonious integration of hybrid learning models with evidence-based principles of physical education and sports pedagogy.